Entomologists frequently use the noun phytophagy and the adjective phytophagous when referring to any of these nutritional strategies. Concepts in insect hostplant selection behavior and. Visual cues used by insects to localise their host plants are multiple. If mating occurs exclusively on the respective host plants, as in many phytophagous insects, this divergent host fidelity will automatically generate mating between individuals who prefer the same host plant. Augmenting soil nutrients often increases plant nitrogen concentration and reduces production of some allelochemicals, resulting in higher growth and consumption rates in generalist phytophagous insects e. Abstractspecialization character of phytophagous insects is one of the key examples of insectplant relationship. This book, containing 8 chapters, focuses on the behaviour of host plant selection by plant feeding insects. The first is a wellknown maize pest, whereas the second is a polyphagous species associated. For more than 20 years insectplant relations have been a focus for studies in ecology and evolution. A general model for host plant selection in phytophagous. Adaptive patterns of hostplant selection by phytophagous. In phytophagous insects, adaptation to hostplants is thought to play an important role in speciation because hostplants provide a site for mating and oviposition and a food resource for progeny 1. The chinaberry tree, melia azedarack linnaeus, is said to be.
Yet the whole process of hostplant selection and hostplant specificity amongst insects depends on behavior, and selection for behavioral differences must be a prime factor in the evolution of hostplant specificity. Identifying the mechanisms involved in host plant specialization is crucial to understand the role of divergent selection between different environments in species diversification, and to identify sustainable. Phytophagous insects vary in the taxonomic breadth of their respective hostplant range, but most still tend to use only a fraction of the plants available to them in their environment 15. The glasshouse whitefly, trialeurodes vaporariorum, is a damaging crop pest and an invasive generalist capable of feeding on a broad range of host plants. Phytophagous insects reduce plant fitness, thus they are important selection factors in plant evolution. Nutritional compounds in host fruits affect several larval traits that may be related to adult fitness. Chemical ecology foraging and food choice in phytophagous insects chapman, r. Download pdf host plant selection by phytophagous insects book full free. Phytophagous insects differ in their degree of specialisation on host plants, and range from strictly monophagous species that can develop on only one host plant to extremely polyphagous species that can develop on hundreds of plant species in many families.
Certain insects sequester or otherwise acquire host plant. The importance for host shifting of trait differences between alternative host plants is well established, but much less is known about trait variation within hosts. Phytophagous insects on native and nonnative host plants. This paper examines if this is so for adaptive theories. Divergent host plant preference causes assortative mating. Ent 425 general entomology resource library tutorials.
Why are phytophagous insects typically specialists. In fact, biological control insects are selected precisely because they typically demonstrate high degrees of host fidelity. Host plant selection involve important behavioural approaches between insects and their host plants. Host specialization to form biotypes is common among phytophagous insects, and it has been hypothesised that biotypes of dactylopius tomentosus l. Divergent selection has been shown to promote speciation in many taxa and especially in phytophagous insects. A gustatory receptor involved in host plant recognition. Sep 20, 2016 arthropods constitute the most diverse group of animals on earth, and a large fraction of arthropod species are phytophagous.
Intercropping with highly aromatic plants may imitate this type of non. The potential role of generalist natural enemies is presented as one of the important ecological pressures that select for narrow host range in phytophagous insects, and dominant relative to physiological bases for specialization. Arthropods constitute the most diverse group of animals on earth, and a large fraction of arthropod species are phytophagous. The host plant selection behaviour of phytophagous insects provides a variety of re lated questions at a number of levels futuyma. The outcome of this allocation yields the patterns of hostplant selection or food plant preferences that we observe among phytophagous insects. This book, containing 8 chapters, focuses on the behaviour of hostplant selection by plant feeding insects. Yet the whole process of host plant selection and host plant specificity amongst insects depends on behavior, and selection for behavioral differences must be a prime factor in the evolution of host plant specificity. Use of hostplant trait space by phytophagous insects. Adaptive patterns of hostplant selection by phytophagous insects. Prior to host plant acceptance phytophagous insects use some cues such as colour and odours of. They indicate that their intended audience is new graduates to postdocs although.
The sexual behavior of phytophagous insects is often integrated in a variety of ways with their host plants. Sep 20, 2016 phytophagous insects differ in their degree of specialisation on host plants, and range from strictly monophagous species that can develop on only one host plant to extremely polyphagous species that can develop on hundreds of plant species in many families. We develop a general theoretical framework for exploring the host plant selection behaviour of herbivorous insects. Home of the database of insects and their food plants search for host plants. The sequence of steps in host selection includes habitat location, host location, host acceptance, and host. As such this species has evolved mechanisms to circumvent the wide spectrum of antiherbivore allelochemicals produced by its host range. The first book that focuses on the behaviour of hostplant selection by plantfeeding insects, the authors cover the patterns found in nature and the chemical features of plants that determine host selection. The first book that focuses on the behaviour of host plant selection by plant feeding insects, the authors cover the patterns found in nature and the chemical features of plants that determine host selection. Sep 25, 2017 in phytophagous insects, adaptation to host plants is thought to play an important role in speciation because host plants provide a site for mating and oviposition and a food resource for progeny 1. Because phytophagous insects and their green host plants dominate terrestrial biodiversity, theories which can explain host plant selection by phytophagous insects would score well under the second criterion. Nochoice mate selection experiments revealed a preference for individuals collected from the same host species independent of geographic location, and little mating was observed between individuals collected from different host. Specific colorrelated resistance, for example, the red and glossy nature of cruciferae plants was a major factor conferring antixenosis resistance against the cabbage aphid. The book also discusses the role of genetic variability in host.
The number of caterpillars is greater in latex free plant species than latex contained plant species diniz et al. The importance of insects as crop pests, and the great potential of insects for the biological control of weeds, have provided further impetus for work in this area. Dbif contains about 47,000 interactions for roughly 9,300 invertebrate taxa species, subspecies and forms and 5,700 plant taxa species, genera and broader groupings. Visual factors the colour and shape of plants remotely affect host selection behaviour of phytophagous insects and have been associated with some resistance. Moreover, plantreleased vocs comprise more than 200 different compounds, which could be used by phytophagous insects during their host selection and acceptance bruce et al. Concepts in insect hostplant selection behavior and their. Jun 08, 2016 visual factors the colour and shape of plants remotely affect host selection behaviour of phytophagous insects and have been associated with some resistance. Olfactory mechanisms of host selection in phytophagous.
A general model for host plant selection in phytophagous insects. Most phytophagous insects have morphological, behavioral and physiological adaptations allowing them to specialize on one or a few plant species. Hostplant selection by phytophagous insects nhbs academic. This may result in radiation cladogenesis of plants.
Host selection behaviour is thought to be a key process involved in diversification of phytophagous plantfeeding insects. Introductory to host plant resistance linkedin slideshare. When selecting host plants, insects may use a variety of senses, such as the sense of smell olfaction, taste. The yellow peach moth, conogethes punctiferalis guenee, is widely distributed in tropical and eastern asia and australia, and causes damage to many orchard, spice, and vegetable crops 25,26. Hostplant selection by phytophagous insects is largely determined by adult insects choosing the developmental location of offspring. This model can be used to address a number of questions, including the evolution of specialists, generalists, preference hierarchies, and learning.
Host plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous insects caroline s. Hostplant nitrogen content is viewed as the ultimate limiting nutrient for most chewing insects mattson 1980. Aphididae and its subspecies specialized on tobacco, after being reared on the same host volume 95 issue 1 a. Host specificity of insect is required for their larval development.
Dbif aims to help researchers access the accumulated knowledge of british plantherbivore interactions, which is otherwise scattered throughout a vast published literature. Phytophagous definition of phytophagous by the free dictionary. Many insects, like caterpillars and leaf beetles, feed on plants. Encyclopedia of life support systems eolss foraging and food choice in phytophagous insects chapman, r. This special issue includes a series of 11 papers that focus on host preference and feeding ecology of insects, and how these two aspects affect herbivoreplant interactions. In the ostrinia species complex, the european corn borer ecb and adzuki bean borer abb are two sibling species specialized to different host plants. This is my course assignment of evolutionary ecology of stockholm university,sweden in the year of 2009. Determination of biotypes of dactylopius tomentosus. Phytophagous definition of phytophagous by the free. Article pdf available in bulletin of entomological research 8404 december 1994 with 1,7. The study of host plant selection by phytophagous insects has been important in theories of resource use and whether it should be flexible in ecological or evolutionary time. If the larvae or nymphs feed on plants, the insect mother usually lays her eggs on a host plant.
Knowledge of natural selection leads to theoretical predictions about how adult behaviour might respond to host quality, the abundance of hostplants, adult eggload, age and available search time. Hostplant selection by phytophagous insects elizabeth a. Olfactory mechanisms of host selection in phytophagous insects. Host specialization in phytophagous insects annual. Ecological speciation via host shifting has contributed to the astonishing diversity of phytophagous insects. Within the concept of metacommunities, this leads to the prediction that hostplant specialists should sort into local assemblages according to the local environmental conditions, i. When selecting host plants, insects may use a variety of senses, such as the sense of smell olfaction, taste, vision, and touch. Plant derived cues play a role in host plant selection by herbivorous insects and influence behaviors crucial to insect fitness and survival, such as feeding, mating, and oviposition bruce et al. Host preference and performance of the yellow peach moth. Insects and other arthropods that feed on aquatic and. Variable plants and herbivores in natural and managed systems. Host selection by the generalist aphid myzus persicae hemiptera. The importance of insects as crop pests, and the great.
I outline a conceptual model, the gapeandpinch gap model, of insect response to hostplant trait. The sequence of steps in host selection includes habitat location. Additionally, there is uncertainty surrounding the taxonomic status of some. The enemies hypothesis contrary to five of the earlier hypotheses, which claim that the differences are due to the direct effects of the diverse backgrounds on the behavior of the pest. Hostplant selection by phytophagous insects springerlink. The ecology of host selection behavior in phytophagous insects. Besides chemical content of plant, latex concentration of plant also play a vital role for specific host plant choice by phytophagous insect. Dbif aims to help researchers access the accumulated knowledge of british plant herbivore interactions, which is otherwise scattered throughout a vast published literature. There is evidence that host phylogeny, biogeography, chemistry, and withinpopulation and even withinindividual variation influence host selection, specificity, and speciation in phytophagous insects whitham et al. Many lepidopteran species have evolved to select a limited range of. Identifying the mechanisms involved in host plant specialization is crucial to understand the role of divergent selection between different environments in species diversification, and to identify sustainable targets for the management of insect pest.
It describes the patterns of host plant use, the chemical features of the host plant which determine their selection, the physiology of the insect sensory system, and insect behaviour, with an emphasis on the mechanism. In comparison to the major ecological and evolutionary questions, it may seem trivial. Host selection in phytophagous insects host selection in phytophagous insects thorsteinson, a j 19600101 00. Generally, selection promoting both the broadening and reduction of hostplant resources must take place. The chinaberry tree, melia azedarack linnaeus, is said to be such a curiosity painter. The selection of host specialists as biological control insects is critical because protection of. Insect host plant selection in complex environments. Use of hostplant trait space by phytophagous insects during. This was first recognized in parasitoids and later in phytophagous insects e. Hostplant seictionby phytophagous insects contemporary topics in entomology series editors thomas a. Insect host plant selection in complex environments request pdf. Frontiers host selection behavior of the green peach.
Plant volatiles emitted in the air close to the plant surface may act as repellents for insects and affect host selection. The difficulties specialized phytophagous insects face in finding habitats with an appropriate host should constrain their dispersal. Phytophagous insects generally use visual or olfactory odor cues to locate a host plant. Research article open access delayed colonisation of. Hostplant selection by phytophagous insects contemporary. Host plant selection by phytophagous insects available for download and read online in other for. Transcriptomic response of female adult moths to host and.
This integration may be manifested as effects or influences of host plants on insect physiology and behavior, including sex pheromone communication, that reflect strategies by insects to optimize mating and reproduction. There are two ways of searching for host taxa contained with dbif. Apr 18, 2018 most phytophagous insects have morphological, behavioral and physiological adaptations allowing them to specialize on one or a few plant species. Type a species name, or part of a species name, in the search box and hit the display button.
For example, a change in host use may involve a change in specificity how many different resources are acceptable or a change in preference which of a limited number of. Factors are included such as host invasions, herbivore phenotypes, and agronomic practices on herbivory in multiple feeding guilds, as well as in multiple trophic levels. Divergent host plant adaptation drives the evolution of. Phytophagous insects from here on simply referred to as insects were collected on native and nonnative plants in two areas. Plantderived cues play a role in hostplant selection by herbivorous insects and influence behaviors crucial to insect fitness and survival, such as feeding, mating, and oviposition bruce et. The study of hostplant selection by phytophagous insects has been important in theories of resource use and whether it should be flexible in ecological or evolutionary time.
Host selection by the generalist aphid myzus persicae. Phytophagous insects range from those that are strictly monophagous, i. Some phytophagous insects eat a variety of plant species, while others specialize in eating only one, or just a few. A significant hostbased preference from the two host groups was detected in hostpaired feeding preference studies.
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